How a Big Cat Started Europe’s Addiction to Oil
By Marin Katusa, Chief Energy Investment Strategist
On July 1, 1911, a German gunboat named Panther sailed into the port of Agadir, Morocco, and changed history.
For the previous two decades, a faction within the British Admiralty had called for the navy to switch from coal-fired ships to ones powered by a new fuel. Admiral John Fisher, First Sea Lord, led the charge, trumpeting oil’s numerous advantages: It had nearly twice the thermal content of coal, required less manpower to use, allowed refueling at sea, and burned with less telltale smoke.
Doesn’t matter, replied naval tradition: Britain lacks oil, and she has lots of coal. The switch would put the greatest navy in the world at the mercy of burgeoning oil-rich countries and the oil trusts that operate in them. (It didn’t help that the navy’s first test of oil-firing in 1903 engulfed the ship in a cloud of black smoke.)
It wasn’t common knowledge at the time, but Germany had surpassed the mighty British Empire in manufacturing in the late 1800s, most notably in the production of steel. Continue reading







